LE GLYPHOSATE DANS LES POLITIQUES DE DÉFORESTATIONS

GLYPHOSATE WAS FOR A LONG TIME THE MOST WIDELY USED TOTAL HERBICIDE IN THE WORLD, BEFORE BEING SUBJECT TO BANS ON ITS USE. ASSOCIATED WITH THE COMMERCIAL PRODUCT SOLD UNDER THE NAME ROUNDUP, THE GENERAL PUBLIC HAS THUS BECOME AWARE OF THE DANGER OF THE GLYPHOSATE MOLECULE AND ITS POTENTIAL CARCINOGENIC EFFECTS. OVER THE YEARS, GLYPHOSATE HAS BECOME THE SUBJECT OF DEBATE NOT SO MUCH IN LABORATORIES AND ENVIRONMENTAL AGENCIES, BUT RATHER ON SOCIAL NETWORKS WHERE IT HAS GRADUALLY BECOME A "POLITICAL" ARGUMENT FOR DEBATE.

LE TEMPS, LA JUSTICE ET LA RAISON SONT MULTIPLES DANS LES CIRCONSTANCES DE VIES : LES MODERNITÉS. LA GÉOMÉTRIE DE JUSTICE ET LE VERBE DE VÉRITÉ EN L'ESPACE.
LA PATIENCE, LE SECOURISME, LA GRANDE MUETTE ET LE PEUPLE DANS LES STRUCTURES À L'ENTRETIEN DES CHAMPS ET DES MATÉRIAUX DANS LES CYCLES DES SAISONS.

CARBON DIOXIDE (CO2) IS AN IMPORTANT HEAT-TRAPPING GAS, ALSO KNOWN AS A GREENHOUSE GAS, THAT COMES FROM THE EXTRACTION AND BURNING OF FOSSIL FUELS (SUCH AS COAL, OIL, AND NATURAL GAS), FROM WILDFIRES, AND NATURAL PROCESSES LIKE VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS. THE FIRST GRAPH SHOWS ATMOSPHERIC CO2 LEVELS MEASURED BY NOAA AT MAUNA LOA OBSERVATORY, HAWAII, SINCE 1958. THE SECOND GRAPH SHOWS CO2 LEVELS DURING EARTH’S LAST THREE GLACIAL CYCLES, AS CAPTURED BY AIR BUBBLES TRAPPED IN ICE SHEETS AND GLACIERS.
SINCE THE ONSET OF INDUSTRIAL TIMES IN THE 18TH CENTURY, HUMAN ACTIVITIES HAVE RAISED ATMOSPHERIC CO2 BY 50% – MEANING THE AMOUNT OF CO2 IS NOW 150% OF ITS VALUE IN 1750. THIS HUMAN-INDUCED RISE IS GREATER THAN THE NATURAL INCREASE OBSERVED AT THE END OF THE LAST ICE AGE 20,000 YEARS AGO.
THE ANIMATED MAP SHOWS HOW THE HISTORICAL CHANGES IN GLOBAL CARBON DIOXIDE OVER TIME. NOTE THE COLORS CHANGE AS THE AMOUNT OF CO2 RISES FROM 365 PARTS PER MILLION (PPM) IN 2002 TO OVER 420 PPM CURRENTLY. IT'S IMPORTANT TO UNDERSTAND THAT “PARTS PER MILLION” REFERS TO THE NUMBER OF CARBON DIOXIDE MOLECULES PER MILLION MOLECULES OF DRY AIR. THESE MEASUREMENTS ARE FROM THE MID-TROPOSPHERE, THE LAYER OF EARTH'S ATMOSPHERE THAT IS 8 TO 12 KILOMETERS (ABOUT 5 TO 7 MILES) ABOVE THE GROUND. THIS DATA PROVIDES INSIGHTS INTO THE SIGNIFICANT RISE IN ATMOSPHERIC CO2 CONCENTRATIONS, HIGHLIGHTING THE IMPACT OF HUMAN ACTIVITIES ON EARTH'S CLIMATE.

GLYPHOSATE, BY ITS FULL IUPAC NAME N-(PHOSPHONOMETHYLGLYCINE), IS THE WORLD'S LONGEST-USED, BROAD-SPECTRUM, NON-SELECTIVE HERBICIDE. THE BEST-KNOWN COMMERCIAL FORMULATION OF GLYPHOSATE IS ROUNDUP, PRODUCED BY MONSANTO AND MARKETED SINCE 1975, WHICH CONSISTS OF A MIXTURE, IN A LARGE VOLUME OF WATER, OF A GLYPHOSATE SALT (ISOPROPYL AMINE SALT) AND A SURFACTANT (POLYOXOETHYLENE AMINE) THAT INCREASES ITS EFFECTIVENESS. WHILE THE DEBATES THAT FEED THE PUBLIC DOMAIN OFTEN MENTION "GLYPHOSATE", IT IS IMPORTANT TO EMPHASIZE THAT THE DERIVATIVES OF THIS MOLECULE (ITS SALTS) ARE THUS INCLUDED IN THE DISCUSSION AND UNDER THE GENERIC TERM OF GLYPHOSATE.

NOT ALL EL NIÑO EVENTS ARE CREATED EQUAL. THEIR IMPACTS VARY WIDELY, AND SATELLITES LIKE THE U.S.-EUROPEAN SENTINEL-6 MICHAEL FREILICH HELP ANTICIPATE THOSE IMPACTS ON A GLOBAL SCALE BY TRACKING CHANGES IN SEA SURFACE HEIGHT IN THE PACIFIC OCEAN.
WATER EXPANDS AS IT WARMS, SO SEA LEVELS TEND TO BE HIGHER IN PLACES WITH WARMER WATER. EL NIÑOS ARE CHARACTERIZED BY HIGHER-THAN-NORMAL SEA LEVELS AND WARMER-THAN-AVERAGE OCEAN TEMPERATURES ALONG THE EQUATORIAL PACIFIC. THESE CONDITIONS CAN THEN PROPAGATE POLEWARD ALONG THE WESTERN COASTS OF THE AMERICAS. EL NIÑOS CAN BRING WETTER CONDITIONS TO THE U.S. SOUTHWEST AND DROUGHT TO REGIONS IN THE WESTERN PACIFIC, INCLUDING INDONESIA. THIS YEAR’S EL NIÑO IS STILL DEVELOPING, BUT RESEARCHERS ARE LOOKING TO THE RECENT PAST FOR CLUES AS TO HOW IT IS SHAPING UP.
THERE HAVE BEEN TWO EXTREME EL NIÑO EVENTS IN THE PAST 30 YEARS: THE FIRST FROM 1997 TO 1998 AND THE SECOND FROM 2015 TO 2016. BOTH CAUSED SHIFTS IN GLOBAL AIR AND OCEAN TEMPERATURES, ATMOSPHERIC WIND AND RAINFALL PATTERNS, AND SEA LEVEL. THE MAPS ABOVE SHOW SEA LEVELS IN THE PACIFIC OCEAN DURING EARLY OCTOBER OF 1997, 2015, AND 2023, WITH HIGHER-THAN-AVERAGE OCEAN HEIGHTS IN RED AND WHITE, AND LOWER-THAN-AVERAGE HEIGHTS IN BLUE AND PURPLE. SENTINEL-6 MICHAEL FREILICH CAPTURED THE 2023 DATA, THE TOPEX/POSEIDON SATELLITE COLLECTED DATA FOR THE 1997 IMAGE, AND JASON-2 GATHERED DATA FOR THE 2015 MAP.

BY OCTOBER 1997 AND 2015, LARGE AREAS OF THE CENTRAL AND EASTERN PACIFIC HAD SEA LEVELS MORE THAN 7 INCHES (18 CENTIMETERS) HIGHER THAN NORMAL. THIS YEAR, SEA LEVELS ARE ABOUT 2 OR 3 INCHES (5 TO 8 CENTIMETERS) HIGHER THAN AVERAGE AND OVER A SMALLER AREA COMPARED TO THE 1997 AND 2015 EVENTS. BOTH OF THE PAST EL NIÑOS REACHED PEAK STRENGTH IN LATE NOVEMBER OR EARLY DECEMBER, SO THIS YEAR’S EVENT MAY STILL INTENSIFY.
“EVERY EL NIÑO IS A LITTLE BIT DIFFERENT,” SAID JOSH WILLIS, SENTINEL-6 MICHAEL FREILICH PROJECT SCIENTIST AT NASA’S JET PROPULSION LABORATORY IN SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA. “THIS ONE SEEMS MODEST COMPARED TO THE BIG EVENTS, BUT IT COULD STILL GIVE US A WET WINTER HERE IN THE SOUTHWEST U.S. IF CONDITIONS ARE RIGHT.”
MORE ABOUT THE MISSION
LAUNCHED IN NOVEMBER 2020, SENTINEL-6 MICHAEL FREILICH IS NAMED AFTER FORMER NASA EARTH SCIENCE DIVISION DIRECTOR MICHAEL FREILICH. THE SATELLITE IS ONE OF TWO THAT COMPOSE THE COPERNICUS SENTINEL-6/JASON-CS (CONTINUITY OF SERVICE) MISSION.
SENTINEL-6/JASON-CS WAS JOINTLY DEVELOPED BY ESA (EUROPEAN SPACE AGENCY), THE EUROPEAN ORGANISATION FOR THE EXPLOITATION OF METEOROLOGICAL SATELLITES (EUMETSAT), NASA, AND THE U.S. NATIONAL OCEANIC AND ATMOSPHERIC ADMINISTRATION, WITH FUNDING SUPPORT FROM THE EUROPEAN COMMISSION AND TECHNICAL SUPPORT ON PERFORMANCE FROM THE FRENCH SPACE AGENCY CNES (CENTRE NATIONAL D’ÉTUDES SPATIALES).

LA COMMUNAUTÉ ÉCONOMIQUE EUROPÉENNE ET L'UNION EUROPÉENNE DOIVENT ENTENDRE LES SENTIMENTS, LES SORTILÈGES, LA MÉDECINE,
L'HABITAT ET L’ÉCOLOGIE ! CHACUN DES MEMBRES A SON DÉTERMINISME EN FONCTION DE SA GÉOGRAPHIE ET DE SA POPULATION :
LE TEMPS, LA JUSTICE ET LA RAISON OU LE TÉMOIGNAGE DU PEUPLE.


CO2 THROUGH THE SEASONS !!!

A CLOSER LOOK AT THE CARBON DIOXIDE MEASUREMENTS AT MAUNA LOA SHOWS A SERIES OF WIGGLES IN THE DATA. ALTHOUGH TOTAL CO2 IS INCREASING EACH YEAR, THERE IS ALSO A SHORT-TERM CYCLE VISIBLE WITHIN THE LARGER TREND. THIS ANNUAL RISE AND FALL OF CO2 LEVELS IS CAUSED BY SEASONAL CYCLES IN PHOTOSYNTHESIS ON A MASSIVE SCALE. IN NORTHERN HEMISPHERE SPRING, PLANTS COME TO LIFE AND DRAW IN CO2 TO FUEL THEIR GROWTH. THIS BEGINS THE PROCESS OF LOWERING THE AMOUNT OF CO2 IN THE ATMOSPHERE. IN NORTHERN AUTUMN, PLANT GROWTH STOPS OR SLOWS DOWN, AND THE WHOLE PROCESS REVERSES ITSELF. MUCH OF THE PLANT MATTER DECOMPOSES, RELEASING CO2 BACK TO THE ATMOSPHERE. A SIMILAR BUT LESS INTENSE PATTERN REPEATS IN THE SOUTHERN HEMISPHERE IN OPPOSITE SEASONS. SPRING GROWTH STARTS IN SEPTEMBER AND WINTER DECOMPOSITION BEGINS IN MARCH, SO CO2 RECORDS IN THE SOUTHERN HEMISPHERE SHOW THE OPPOSITE PATTERN OF THAT SEEN IN MAUNA LOA. HOWEVER, BECAUSE THERE IS A LOT MORE LAND AND VEGETATION IN THE NORTHERN HEMISPHERE THAN THE SOUTHERN, THE GLOBAL SEASONAL CYCLE MORE CLOSELY ALIGNS WITH THE NORTHERN PATTERN.

SEE THE CYCLE IN ACTION IN THE VISUALIZATION WATCHING EARTH BREATHE: THE SEASONAL VEGETATION CYCLE AND ATMOSPHERIC CARBON DIOXIDE.
THIS BOOM-AND-BUST CYCLE OF PLANT GROWTH GIVES THE GRAPH OF CO2 A SAWTOOTH PATTERN OF UPS AND DOWNS FROM YEAR TO YEAR. AT A LARGER SCALE, THE UPWARD CLIMB OF THE TREND LINE OVER THE DECADES IS CAUSED BY CO2 EMISSIONS, PRIMARILY FROM BURNING FOSSIL FUELS. THUS, THE DATA ILLUSTRATE BOTH NATURAL FACTORS AND HUMAN ADDITIONS OF CO2. CARBON DIOXIDE (CO2) IS AN IMPORTANT HEAT-TRAPPING GAS, ALSO KNOWN AS A GREENHOUSE GAS, THAT COMES FROM THE EXTRACTION AND BURNING OF FOSSIL FUELS (SUCH AS COAL, OIL, AND NATURAL GAS), FROM WILDFIRES, AND NATURAL PROCESSES LIKE VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS. THE FIRST GRAPH SHOWS ATMOSPHERIC CO2 LEVELS MEASURED BY NOAA AT MAUNA LOA OBSERVATORY, HAWAII, SINCE 1958. THE SECOND GRAPH SHOWS CO2 LEVELS DURING EARTH’S LAST THREE GLACIAL CYCLES, AS CAPTURED BY AIR BUBBLES TRAPPED IN ICE SHEETS AND GLACIERS. SINCE THE ONSET OF INDUSTRIAL TIMES IN THE 18TH CENTURY, HUMAN ACTIVITIES HAVE RAISED ATMOSPHERIC CO2 BY 50% – MEANING THE AMOUNT OF CO2 IS NOW 150% OF ITS VALUE IN 1750. THIS HUMAN-INDUCED RISE IS GREATER THAN THE NATURAL INCREASE OBSERVED AT THE END OF THE LAST ICE AGE 20,000 YEARS AGO.

THE ANIMATED MAP SHOWS HOW THE HISTORICAL CHANGES IN GLOBAL CARBON DIOXIDE OVER TIME. NOTE THE COLORS CHANGE AS THE AMOUNT OF CO2 RISES FROM 365 PARTS PER MILLION (PPM) IN 2002 TO OVER 420 PPM CURRENTLY. IT'S IMPORTANT TO UNDERSTAND THAT “PARTS PER MILLION” REFERS TO THE NUMBER OF CARBON DIOXIDE MOLECULES PER MILLION MOLECULES OF DRY AIR. THESE MEASUREMENTS ARE FROM THE MID-TROPOSPHERE, THE LAYER OF EARTH'S ATMOSPHERE THAT IS 8 TO 12 KILOMETERS (ABOUT 5 TO 7 MILES) ABOVE THE GROUND. THIS DATA PROVIDES INSIGHTS INTO THE SIGNIFICANT RISE IN ATMOSPHERIC CO2 CONCENTRATIONS, HIGHLIGHTING THE IMPACT OF HUMAN ACTIVITIES ON EARTH'S CLIMATE.

LE DEVENIR DANS L’ENVIRONNEMENT ET LA NATURE SAUVAGE OU LA CONSCIENCE DANS L'UNIVERS ET L'INFINI !

CO2 THROUGH THE SEASONS !!!
A CLOSER LOOK AT THE CARBON DIOXIDE MEASUREMENTS AT MAUNA LOA SHOWS A SERIES OF WIGGLES IN THE DATA. ALTHOUGH TOTAL CO2 IS INCREASING EACH YEAR, THERE IS ALSO A SHORT-TERM CYCLE VISIBLE WITHIN THE LARGER TREND.

WARM OCEAN WATERS FROM THE DEVELOPING EL NIÑO ARE SHIFTING NORTH ALONG COASTLINES IN THE EASTERN PACIFIC OCEAN. ALONG THE COAST OF CALIFORNIA, THESE WARM WATERS ARE INTERACTING WITH A PERSISTENT MARINE HEAT WAVE THAT RECENTLY INFLUENCED THE DEVELOPMENT OF HURRICANE HILARY. THE SURFACE WATER AND OCEAN TOPOGRAPHY (SWOT) SATELLITE IS ABLE TO SPOT THE MOVEMENT OF THESE WARM OCEAN WATERS IN UNPRECEDENTED DETAIL.
A COLLABORATION BETWEEN NASA AND THE FRENCH SPACE AGENCY, CNES (CENTRE NATIONAL D’ÉTUDES SPATIALES), SWOT IS MEASURING THE HEIGHT OF NEARLY ALL WATER ON EARTH’S SURFACE, PROVIDING ONE OF THE MOST DETAILED, COMPREHENSIVE VIEWS YET OF THE PLANET’S OCEANS AND FRESH WATER LAKES AND RIVERS.
WATER EXPANDS AS IT WARMS, SO SEA LEVELS TEND TO BE HIGHER IN PLACES WITH WARMER WATER. EL NIÑO – A PERIODIC CLIMATE PHENOMENON THAT CAN AFFECT WEATHER PATTERNS AROUND THE WORLD – IS CHARACTERIZED BY HIGHER SEA LEVELS AND WARMER-THAN-AVERAGE OCEAN TEMPERATURES ALONG THE WESTERN COAST OF THE AMERICAS. THE IMAGE ABOVE SHOWS SEA SURFACE HEIGHTS OFF THE U.S. WEST COAST, NEAR THE CALIFORNIA-OREGON BORDER, IN AUGUST. RED AND ORANGE INDICATE HIGHER-THAN-AVERAGE OCEAN HEIGHTS, WHILE BLUE AND GREEN REPRESENT LOWER-THAN-AVERAGE HEIGHTS.
THE SWOT SCIENCE TEAM MADE THE MEASUREMENTS WITH THE KA-BAND RADAR INTERFEROMETER (KARIN) INSTRUMENT. WITH TWO ANTENNAS SPREAD 33 FEET (10 METERS) APART ON A BOOM, KARIN PRODUCES A PAIR OF DATA SWATHS AS IT CIRCLES THE GLOBE, BOUNCING RADAR PULSES OFF THE WATER’S SURFACE TO COLLECT WATER-HEIGHT MEASUREMENTS. THE VISUALIZATION COMBINES DATA FROM TWO PASSES OF THE SWOT SATELLITE.
“SWOT’S ABILITY TO MEASURE SEA SURFACE SO CLOSE TO THE COAST WILL BE INVALUABLE FOR RESEARCHERS BUT ALSO FORECASTERS LOOKING AT THINGS LIKE THE DEVELOPMENT AND PROGRESS OF WORLDWIDE PHENOMENA LIKE EL NIÑO,” SAID BEN HAMLINGTON, A SEA LEVEL RESEARCHER AT NASA’S JET PROPULSION LABORATORY IN SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA.

IO JUPITER I A ÉTÉ TOUJOURS UNE GRANDE SOURCE D’ÉNIGMES ET DE RÉPONSES ! ELLE EST LA COUSINE DE MERCURE !
LE SATELLITE ET LA PLANÈTE N'ONT PAS LE MÈME COMPORTEMENT MALGRÉ UNE SITUATION IDENTIQUE DEVANT UNE PLANÈTE ET UNE ÉTOILE :
C'EST UN DÉTAIL IMPORTANT POUR L'AGRICULTURE.
LA NATURE SAUVAGE EST SAUVAGE CAR L'ÉLECTRIQUE DE PAROLE DEMEURE DANS LE VIDE.
LA CONVICTION NE PEUT OBSTRUER LA CONSCIENCE CAR
LE DESTIN SE MUE EN CES INSTINCTS : L'AUDACE ET L'ÂME.
J'EN APPELLE À LA PUDEUR ET À LA MISÉRICORDE : DANS LE DEVENIR DE L'EXISTENCE ET
DE L'INFINI.


WATCH LATEST WATER SATELLITE UNFOLD ITSELF IN SPACE !!!
IN ITS SEPTEMBER OUTLOOK, THE U.S. NATIONAL OCEANIC AND ATMOSPHERIC ADMINISTRATION FORECAST A GREATER THAN 70% CHANCE FOR A STRONG EL NIÑO THIS COMING WINTER. IN ADDITION TO WARMER WATER, EL NIÑO IS ALSO ASSOCIATED WITH A WEAKENING OF THE EQUATORIAL TRADE WINDS. THE PHENOMENON CAN BRING COOLER, WETTER CONDITIONS TO THE U.S. SOUTHWEST AND DROUGHT TO COUNTRIES IN THE WESTERN PACIFIC, SUCH AS INDONESIA AND AUSTRALIA.

MORE ABOUT THE MISSION !!!
LAUNCHED ON DEC. 16, 2022, FROM VANDENBERG SPACE FORCE BASE IN CENTRAL CALIFORNIA, SWOT IS NOW IN ITS OPERATIONS PHASE, COLLECTING DATA THAT WILL BE USED FOR RESEARCH AND OTHER PURPOSES.

SWOT WAS JOINTLY DEVELOPED BY NASA AND CNES, WITH CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE CANADIAN SPACE AGENCY (CSA) AND THE UK SPACE AGENCY. NASA’S JET PROPULSION LABORATORY, WHICH IS MANAGED FOR THE AGENCY BY CALTECH IN PASADENA, CALIFORNIA, LEADS THE U.S. COMPONENT OF THE PROJECT. FOR THE FLIGHT SYSTEM PAYLOAD, NASA PROVIDED THE KARIN INSTRUMENT, A GPS SCIENCE RECEIVER, A LASER RETROREFLECTOR, A TWO-BEAM MICROWAVE RADIOMETER, AND NASA INSTRUMENT OPERATIONS. CNES PROVIDED THE DOPPLER ORBITOGRAPHY AND RADIOPOSITION INTEGRATED BY SATELLITE (DORIS) SYSTEM, THE DUAL FREQUENCY POSEIDON ALTIMETER (DEVELOPED BY THALES ALENIA SPACE), THE KARIN RADIO-FREQUENCY SUBSYSTEM (TOGETHER WITH THALES ALENIA SPACE AND WITH SUPPORT FROM THE UK SPACE AGENCY), THE SATELLITE PLATFORM, AND GROUND OPERATIONS. CSA PROVIDED THE KARIN HIGH-POWER TRANSMITTER ASSEMBLY. NASA PROVIDED THE LAUNCH VEHICLE AND THE AGENCY’S LAUNCH SERVICES PROGRAM, BASED AT KENNEDY SPACE CENTER, MANAGED THE ASSOCIATED LAUNCH SERVICES.

L'ÉQUINOXE FAIT ENTENDRE SA VENUE ET CES MOMENTS; LA NUIT ENGENDRE LE JOUR QUAND L'ÉQUILIBRE FESTOIE
AVEC LE TEMPS. L'OMBRE ET LA LUMIÈRE POSSÈDE CE SOUFFLE DE LUCIDITÉ : L'ÉTHER.
DANS L’OBSCURITÉ, LA LIONNE RETROUVE UNE RÉALITÉ : LA MOUCHE SE MÉTAMORPHOSE EN UNE LUCIOLE.
LE TUMULTE DU VERBE ET LES MOUVEMENTS DU VENT QUI ENGENDRENT LA CAUSE :
DANS LE VISAGE DU TEMPS, NOUS PERCEVONS
QUE LA NATURE EST SAUVAGE. ELLE VIT SON ÉVOLUTION PERPÉTUELLE DANS LE SOUFFLE DE SON ÂME !
LE TEMPS EST VERS CE PRINCIPE UNIVERSEL : LA PRÉVENTION ET LA PERCEPTION.

TO LEARN MORE ABOUT SWOT, VISIT:
HTTPS://SWOT.JPL.NASA.GOV/

TO LEARN MORE ABOUT SENTINEL-6 MICHAEL FREILICH, VISIT:

HTTPS://WWW.NASA.GOV/SENTINEL-6

LEARN MORE:
NASA'S CLIMATE KIDS: WHY IS CARBON IMPORTANT?
MISSIONS THAT OBSERVE CO2
ATMOSPHERIC INFRARED SOUNDER (AIRS)
ORBITING CARBON OBSERVATORY (OCO-2)
ORBITING CARBON OBSERVATORY (OCO-3)

TÉMOIGNAGE DU
COMPAGNON TIGNARD YANIS,
LE JUGE DE LA RÉPUBLIQUE DE L'OLIVIER...
MINISTRE DU SECOURISME COMMUN
DE LA RÉPUBLIQUE D’ISRAËL ET DE LA COMMUNAUTÉ PARLEMENTAIRE DE LA PALESTINE,
PN 3286 de la Cour Européenne des droits de la femme, de l'enfant, de l'animal, des plantes, des logiciels, des robots et de l'homme,
ALIAS
TAY
La chouette effraie,
Y'BECCA EN JÉRUSALEM :
les peuples dans le l'horizon, le vent et le verbe vers l'infini, le souffle et le vivant
DANS L'ABNÉGATION DE L’ÉGIDE DE AMANDINE NIETZSCHE-RIMBAUD : ÊTRE !
Y'BECCA EN JÉRUSALEM AVEC IN GOD WE TRUST ! Les peuples dans l'horizon vers l'infini

3.GLYPHOSATE: A DANGEROUS MOLECULE?
THE EFFECTS OF GLYPHOSATE (SHORT, MEDIUM OR LONG TERM), BOTH ON THE ENVIRONMENT AND ON ECOSYSTEMS AND HUMAN HEALTH, ARE MULTIPLE AND SOMETIMES INTERDEPENDENT. WHAT’S MORE, EVALUATING THESE EFFECTS IS STILL PROBLEMATIC DUE TO TWO MORE “TECHNICAL” ASPECTS. THE FIRST IS LINKED TO THE DIFFICULTY OF DETECTING AND ANALYTICALLY QUANTIFYING GLYPHOSATE IN THE ENVIRONMENT, FOOD OR THE HUMAN BODY. THE SECOND IS LINKED TO THE PLETHORA OF PUBLICATIONS AND STUDIES ON THE TOXICITY AND CARCINOGENICITY EFFECTS OF GLYPHOSATE. SINCE ITS FIRST USES IN THE 1970S, THE SCIENTIFIC COMMUNITY HAS FACED A MAJOR PROBLEM: DETECTING THE PRESENCE OF GLYPHOSATE IN NATURAL ENVIRONMENTS, MONITORING ITS EVOLUTION AND EVALUATING ITS TOXICITY BOTH ON FAUNA, FLORA AND MAN. EVEN IN 2020, RESEARCH TEAMS ARE STILL INVESTING IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF MORE EFFICIENT ANALYTICAL METHODS ADAPTED TO THE DETERMINATION OF GLYPHOSATE-BASED HERBICIDE RESIDUES. THE PROBLEM IS TO BE CORRELATED WITH TWO INTRINSIC DIFFICULTIES. THE FIRST IS LINKED TO THE MOLECULAR DIVERSITY OF GLYPHOSATE: WE HAVE IN FACT MENTIONED THAT IT IS RATHER GLYPHOSATE SALTS WHICH ARE USED IN COMMERCIAL FORMULATIONS. WHAT'S MORE, GLYPHOSATE EXISTS IN DIFFERENT IONIC FORMS DEPENDING ON PH CONDITIONS. GLYPHOSATE IS THEREFORE NOT EASY TO DETECT WHEN IT COMES TO MOLECULES THAT ARE SOMETIMES DIFFERENT, PARTICULARLY IN TERMS OF MASS OR FORMAL CHARGE. THE SECOND COMPLEXITY IN QUANTIFYING GLYPHOSATE IN THE ENVIRONMENT IS THAT THIS MOLECULE DECOMPOSES (IN THE PRESENCE OF CERTAIN MICROORGANISMS) TO GENERATE AMPA (AMINOMETHYLPHOSPHONIC ACID). BOTH GLYPHOSATE AND AMPA ARE THEREFORE FOUND IN SOIL, WATER, PLANTS, ETC. AND THESE TWO MOLECULES PRESENT “SIMILAR TOXICITY”. IT IS THEREFORE NOT SO MUCH THE QUANTITY AND EFFECT OF GLYPHOSATE THAT MUST BE ESTIMATED, IT IS ALSO THE QUANTITY AND EFFECT OF ITS DECOMPOSITION PRODUCTS, AS WELL AS THEIR RE-ASSIMILATION BY GROWING ORGANISMS AND THEIR POSSIBLE INTERACTION WITH ESSENTIAL NUTRIENTS.

2 MODE OF ACTION AND AGRONOMIC USE
IN AN EXTREMELY SIMPLIFIED MANNER, WE CAN SAY THAT GLYPHOSATE INTERFERES, BY BLOCKING A SPECIFIC ENZYME, WITH THE SHIKIMATE PATHWAY, A METABOLIC PATHWAY WHICH PRODUCES CERTAIN SPECIFIC AMINO ACIDS, PARTICULARLY IN PLANTS. BY INHIBITING THIS ENZYME, SHIKIMATE ACCUMULATES IN PLANT TISSUES, DISRUPTS ENERGY AND NUTRIENT SUPPLIES AND LEADS TO SHORT-TERM DESTRUCTION OF THE PLANT.

GLYPHOSATE THUS DEMONSTRATES AN INTEREST IN AGRICULTURE AS WELL AS IN HORTICULTURE, VITICULTURE, FORESTRY AND IN THE MAINTENANCE OF GARDENS AND GREEN SPACES. GLYPHOSATE IS NOT USED IN ITS PURE FORM. IT IS RATHER OFFERED, IN DILUTED AQUEOUS DISPERSION, IN THE FORM OF A SALT (AMMONIUM, ISOPROPYLAMINE, ETC.) IN COMBINATION MOST OFTEN WITH A SURFACTANT. THE EXACT COMPOSITION OF THE COMMERCIAL PRODUCT IS NOT OFTEN COMMUNICATED, BEING PART OF THE INDUSTRIAL SECRET. ONLY GLYPHOSATE, REFERRED TO AS THE “ACTIVE INGREDIENT”, MUST BE MENTIONED ON THE PRODUCT LABEL. THIS MEANS IT IS DIFFICULT TO KNOW EXACTLY WHAT IS IN THE GLYPHOSATE-CONTAINING HERBICIDES SOLD AROUND THE WORLD.

GLYPHOSATE IS THUS USED IN AGRICULTURE, ON ANNUAL CROPS, IN PARTICULAR TO FIGHT AGAINST WEEDS BEFORE SOWING OR TO STOP PREVIOUS CROPS. GLYPHOSATE IS ALSO SPRAYED ON CROPS 1 TO 2 WEEKS AFTER HARVEST TO DRY THEM OUT OR TO MAKE HARVESTING EASIER. THIS PRACTICE IS CALLED DESICCATION AND IS USED, AMONG OTHERS, ON CEREALS, RAPESEED, SUNFLOWER. GLYPHOSATE IS ALSO USED IN VINEYARDS, ORCHARDS AND OLIVE GROVES.

IN 2017, GLYPHOSATE REPRESENTED NEARLY 27% OF THE HERBICIDES USED IN BELGIUM, WHICH IS EQUIVALENT TO NEARLY 2,334 TONNES OF “PURE” GLYPHOSATE USED ANNUALLY ON THE NATIONAL TERRITORY. IN 2017, THIS REPRESENTED MORE THAN 17% OF THE TOTAL AREA CULTIVATED WITH WINTER WHEAT AND MORE THAN 92% OF ORCHARDS WHICH WERE TREATED WITH GLYPHOSATE WITH AN ANNUAL DOSE OF ACTIVE INGREDIENT SET BETWEEN 0.72 AND 1.08 KG/HECTARE. .

SINCE GLYPHOSATE IS A NON-SELECTIVE HERBICIDE, SOME CROPS HAVE HAD TO BE GENETICALLY MODIFIED TO BECOME TOLERANT TO IT. MONSANTO THUS DEVELOPED THE FIRST “GLYPHOSATE-TOLERANT” GMO PLANTS (ALSO CALLED “ROUNDUP READY”) IN THE MID-1990S.[10] THESE GENETICALLY MODIFIED CROPS (INCLUDING SOYA, CORN, COTTON, ETC.) HAVE OPENED A NEW MARKET FOR THE HERBICIDE, THEREBY BOOSTING ITS SALES. IN 2012, MORE THAN HALF OF THE CULTIVATED LAND IN THE UNITED STATES, OR 65 MILLION HECTARES, WAS OCCUPIED BY MONSANTO’S “ROUNDUP READY” CROPS.

IT WAS IN 1950 THAT GLYPHOSATE WAS SYNTHESIZED FOR THE FIRST TIME BY A SWISS CHEMIST (DR HENRI MARTIN) EMPLOYED BY THE COMPANY CILAG AG, CURRENTLY A SUBSIDIARY OF THE AMERICAN PHARMACEUTICAL GIANT JOHNSON & JOHNSON. AS NO PHARMACEUTICAL APPLICATIONS WERE IDENTIFIED, THE MOLECULE WAS SOLD TO OTHER COMPANIES AND SAMPLES WERE TESTED FOR A NUMBER OF POSSIBLE END USES. IT WAS THUS DISCOVERED, AT THE END OF THE 1950S, THE ABILITY OF GLYPHOSATE TO CHELATE ELEMENTS SUCH AS CALCIUM AND MAGNESIUM, AND GLYPHOSATE WAS THEN MARKETED AS A DESCALING AGENT FOR PIPES. IT WAS IN 1970, A LITTLE LESS THAN TWENTY YEARS LATER, THAT JOHN FRANZ, A CHEMIST EMPLOYED BY MONSANTO, IDENTIFIED THE HERBICIDAL ACTIVITY OF GLYPHOSATE AND A FORMULATION OF THE FINAL PRODUCT WAS MARKETED IN 1974.

FOR MORE THAN TWO DECADES, GLYPHOSATE REMAINED ONE OF THE MOST WIDELY USED HERBICIDES IN THE WORLD. IT IS CLASSIFIED AS A SYSTEMIC, NON-SELECTIVE, POST-EMERGENT HERBICIDE CAPABLE OF KILLING WEEDS THAT HAVE GREEN FOLIAGE. USE ON HERBICIDE-TOLERANT CROPS, IN NO-TILL APPLICATIONS, AND USE ON PERENNIAL CROPS CONSTITUTE THE PRIMARY AGRICULTURAL APPLICATIONS OF THE HERBICIDE, WHILE IT IS ALSO USED IN NON-AGRICULTURAL OPERATIONS SUCH AS HOME, INDUSTRIAL OR MUNICIPAL WEEDING.

3.B. REGULATORY ASPECTS !!!!

VARIOUS STUDIES HAVE THEREFORE BEEN CARRIED OUT ON GLYPHOSATE AND ITS BREAKDOWN PRODUCTS AND HAVE SUBSEQUENTLY BEEN REVIEWED BY SEPARATE ORGANIZATIONS INCLUDING THE EPA IN THE UNITED STATES, ECHA AND EFSA IN EUROPE AND THE IARC FOR THE WHO. WHILE THE EPA (ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY), ECHA (EUROPEAN CHEMICALS AGENCY) AND EFSA (EUROPEAN FOOD SAFETY AUTHORITY) HAVE NOT CONSIDERED GLYPHOSATE TO BE CARCINOGENIC TO HUMANS WHEN IT IS USED CORRECTLY, THE IARC (INTERNATIONAL AGENCY FOR RESEARCH ON CANCER) DECLARED IN 2015 THAT GLYPHOSATE WAS “PROBABLY CARCINOGENIC TO HUMANS” BASED ON THE RESULTS OF ANIMAL EXPERIMENTS AND IN VITRO BIOCHEMICAL RESEARCH. [15] BASED ON MECHANISTIC DATA AND IN VITRO AND IN VIVO OBSERVATIONS, IT SEEMS LIKELY THAT GLYPHOSATE IS A WEAK CARCINOGEN, ALSO FOR HUMANS. THE RISK OF GLYPHOSATE CAUSING CANCER IN HUMANS IS PROBABLY VERY LOW, ALTHOUGH IT IS DIFFICULT TO MAKE A DECISION BASED ON CURRENT INFORMATION.

THIS LACK OF CONSENSUS AND THIS DIVERGENCE OF CONCLUSIONS LED TO THE START OF CONTROVERSIES AROUND GLYPHOSATE AND ASSOCIATED PUBLIC DEBATES. CURRENTLY, GLYPHOSATE IS APPROVED IN THE EU UNTIL DECEMBER 15, 2022.[16] THIS IMPLIES THAT GLYPHOSATE CAN BE USED AS AN ACTIVE INGREDIENT IN PHYTOPHARMACEUTICAL FORMULATIONS UNTIL THIS DATE. ALTHOUGH THE EU HAS APPROVED THE USE OF GLYPHOSATE, MEMBER STATES CAN DECIDE WHETHER THESE FORMULATIONS CAN BE USED ON THEIR TERRITORY. AS OF DECEMBER 31, 2018, BELGIUM BANNED THE SALE OF PHYTOSANITARY PRODUCTS BASED ON GLYPHOSATE (MOSTLY ROUNDUP) AND THEIR NON-PROFESSIONAL USE ONLY.[17]

IN MAY 2019, THE EUROPEAN COMMISSION DESIGNATED 4 MEMBER STATES (FRANCE, HUNGARY, THE NETHERLANDS AND SWEDEN), UNITED UNDER THE NAME OF THE ASSESSMENT GROUP ON GLYPHOSATE (AGG), AS “RAPPORTEURS” FOR THE NEXT EVALUATION OF GLYPHOSATE. IN DECEMBER 2019, THE EUROPEAN GLYPHOSATE RENEWAL GROUP (GRG), MADE UP OF INDUSTRIALISTS AIMING TO OBTAIN THE RENEWAL OF THE APPROVAL OF GLYPHOSATE WITHIN THE EU, SUBMITTED A RENEWAL REQUEST TO THE AGG, TO THE STATES MEMBERS OF THE EU, EFSA AND THE EUROPEAN COMMISSION. THIS APPLICATION OFFICIALLY LAUNCHES THE RENEWAL PROCESS IN THE EU, AS PROVIDED FOR IN REGULATION (EC) NO 1107/2009.


HAVING BEEN SINGLED OUT FOR MORE THAN 10 YEARS FROM BOTH A TOXICOLOGICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL POINT OF VIEW, GLYPHOSATE REMAINS A PRODUCT OF CHOICE WITH A MARKET THAT CONTINUES TO GROW. FOR THE FORECAST PERIOD 2019-2024, THE GLOBAL GLYPHOSATE MARKET IS EXPECTED TO REACH $12.54 BILLION BY 2024, GROWING AT A CAGR OF +6.8%. THE GLYPHOSATE MARKET IS THEREFORE NOT SLOWING DOWN, IN PARTICULAR DUE TO THE LACK OF AVAILABILITY OF EFFECTIVE ALTERNATIVES TO GLYPHOSATE. [5] BETWEEN 2019 AND 2024, THE MARKET GROWTH IS EXPECTED TO BE THE FASTEST IN NORTH AMERICA. THE LARGEST MARKET FOR GLYPHOSATE IS EXPECTED IN THE ASIA PACIFIC REGION. EUROPE REMAINS A WEAK MARKET FOR GLYPHOSATE WITH SALES (TO THE AGRICULTURAL SECTOR ONLY) REPRESENTING ONLY 7% OF GLOBAL PRODUCTION IN 2014.
IN 2017, GLOBAL GLYPHOSATE PRODUCTION CAPACITY WAS CONCENTRATED, IN PART, IN CHINA (AND INDIA). WORLD PRODUCTION THUS REACHED 1,065,000 TONNES, INCLUDING 380,000 TONNES FROM MONSANTO AND 685,000 TONNES FROM COMPANIES LOCATED IN CHINA.[6] IN 2019, THERE WERE FIVE MAJOR PLAYERS IN THE GLYPHOSATE-BASED HERBICIDE FORMULATION MARKET, NAMELY BAYER CROPSCIENCE AG, ADAMA AGRICULTURAL SOLUTIONS LTD, NUFARM LIMITED, EXCEL CROP CARE LIMITED AND UPL LIMITED. BAYER CROPSCIENCE AG, WHICH IS A MEMBER OF THE EUROPEAN GLYPHOSATE RENEWAL GROUP (GRG), THUS SUBMITTED TO THE AUTHORITIES IN JUNE 2020 THE RE-REGISTRATION FILE FOR THE AUTHORIZATION OF GLYPHOSATE IN THE EUROPEAN UNION (ASSESSMENT GROUP ON GLYPHOSATE). THE CURRENT AUTHORIZATION IS EFFECTIVE UNTIL 2032.

THE USE OF GLYPHOSATE FOR THE AGRICULTURAL SECTOR HAS INCREASED SUBSTANTIALLY SINCE 1974. IT IS ESTIMATED THAT IN THE UNITED STATES ALONE, MORE THAN 1.6 BILLION KILOGRAMS OF ACTIVE GLYPHOSATE HAVE BEEN APPLIED, OR 19% OF USE. ESTIMATED GLOBAL AMOUNT OF GLYPHOSATE (8.6 BILLION KILOGRAMS). GLOBALLY, THE USE OF GLYPHOSATE HAS INCREASED NEARLY 10-FOLD SINCE THE MID-1990S, FROM NEARLY 56,296 TONNES OF ACTIVE INGREDIENT IN 1994 TO MORE THAN 578,124 TONNES IN 2010.[8] TWO-THIRDS OF THE TOTAL VOLUME OF GLYPHOSATE APPLIED IN THE UNITED STATES BETWEEN 1974 AND 2014 WAS SPRAYED IN JUST THE LAST TEN YEARS. THE CORRESPONDING SHARE GLOBALLY IS 72%. IN 2014, FARMERS SPRAYED ENOUGH GLYPHOSATE TO APPLY ~1.0 KG/HA TO EVERY HECTARE OF CROPLAND IN THE UNITED STATES AND ALMOST 0.53 KG/HA TO ALL CROPLAND WORLDWIDE. ALTHOUGH QUANTITATIVE DATA IS AVAILABLE, PARTICULARLY IN THE UNITED STATES, NO ASSESSMENT OF THE VOLUMES OF GLYPHOSATE SOLD IN EUROPE HAS BEEN CARRIED OUT OVER THE LAST 30 YEARS.

3.C. HEALTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS
DUE TO THE MASSIVE (SOMETIMES POORLY CONTROLLED) USE OF GLYPHOSATE, CERTAIN PLANTS ARE NOW SHOWING INCREASING RESISTANCE TO GLYPHOSATE. TO GET AROUND THIS PROBLEM, THIS MEANS THAT OTHER PESTICIDES ARE SOMETIMES APPLIED IN COMBINATION WITH GLYPHOSATE. IF THE EFFECTS OF THE LATTER ARE ALREADY POORLY UNDERSTOOD AND STILL UNDER STUDY, IT IS IMPERATIVE TO MENTION THAT THE COMBINATION OF GLYPHOSATE WITH OTHER PHYTOSANITARY MOLECULES COULD LEAD TO SYNERGISTIC EFFECTS AND INCREASED TOXICITY. FURTHERMORE, THIS SYNERGY OF GLYPHOSATE WITH OTHER PHYTOSANITARY MOLECULES COULD MODIFY THE DECOMPOSITION OF GLYPHOSATE INTO AMPA AND GENERATE ADDITIONAL SECONDARY PRODUCTS WHOSE EFFECTS ON THE ENVIRONMENT AND HEALTH MUST BE EVALUATED ON A CASE-BY-CASE BASIS.

IF THESE REGULATORY ASPECTS ARE LINKED TO EUROPEAN POLICY, IT SHOULD BE MENTIONED THAT OTHER REGIONS IN THE WORLD HAVE NOT CAST DOUBT ON THE EFFECTS OF GLYPHOSATE ON BOTH HUMANS AND THE ENVIRONMENT, AND THAT, PARTICULARLY FOR REASONS OF EFFECTIVENESS AND ECONOMIC BENEFITS, GLYPHOSATE REMAINS WIDELY APPLIED, WITHOUT ANY RESTRICTION.
ALTHOUGH THE CARCINOGENICITY OF GLYPHOSATE IS AT THE HEART OF THE DEBATE, OTHER TYPES OF TOXICITY ARE KNOWN AND COULD EVEN SEEM MORE IMPORTANT. IT IS THUS PROVEN THAT GLYPHOSATE HAD A SIGNIFICANT IMPACT ON BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS, IN PARTICULAR ON THE MICROBIOME AND THE ENTERIC SYSTEM. FURTHERMORE, A SIGNIFICANT PROPORTION OF PEOPLE AND LIVESTOCK WITH GLYPHOSATE IN THEIR URINE HAVE BEEN CONSIDERED OF CONCERN, EVEN IF THE CONCENTRATIONS DETECTED ARE QUITE LOW.[18] ALTHOUGH THE ACUTE TOXICITY EFFECTS OF GLYPHOSATE ON MAMMALS AND FISH ARE CONSIDERED LOW, COMMERCIALLY FORMULATED PRODUCTS ARE OFTEN MORE TOXIC THAN GLYPHOSATE ITSELF. CONCERNS HAVE THEREFORE ARISEN ABOUT THE CHRONIC EFFECTS OF THE FORMULATED PRODUCTS AND THE EMERGENCE OF VARIOUS FORMS OF CANCER AND MENTAL HEALTH DISORDERS.[19] IN ADDITION TO EXPOSURE TO HIGH CONCENTRATIONS OF GLYPHOSATE, AND THE FREQUENCY OF EXPOSURE, EXTERNAL PARAMETERS SUCH AS EXPOSURE TO SUNLIGHT APPEAR TO PLAY A ROLE IN THE TOXIC EFFECTS OF GLYPHOSATE-BASED FORMULATIONS ON HUMANS AND AQUATIC ANIMALS. AND TERRESTRIAL.

THERE ARE ALSO NUMEROUS QUESTIONS FROM THE SCIENTIFIC COMMUNITY ON THE MODIFICATIONS (GENERATED BOTH BY GLYPHOSATE AND BY ITS DECOMPOSITION PRODUCTS) OF MICROBIAL COMMUNITIES IN SOILS, PLANTS, WATER OR THE INTESTINES (OF HUMANS, AQUATIC AND TERRESTRIAL ANIMALS) AND ON THE ASSOCIATION WITH SPECIFIC PLANT AND ANIMAL PATHOGENS.15,[20]

CHANGES IN MICROBIOMES RESULTING FROM THE INTENSIVE USE OF GLYPHOSATE CAN AFFECT RESISTANCE AND DEFENSE MECHANISMS AND ULTIMATELY HAVE SERIOUS REPERCUSSIONS ON THE HEALTH OF PLANTS, ANIMALS AND HUMANS. THESE COMPLEX AND INDIRECT EFFECTS OF GLYPHOSATE MUST BE CONSIDERED BY REGULATORY AGENCIES.

REGARDING THE PERSISTENCE AND MOBILITY OF GLYPHOSATE IN TERRESTRIAL AND AQUATIC ECOSYSTEMS, THE DATA PROVIDED BY THE SCIENTIFIC COMMUNITY REMAIN INCOMPLETE.HOWEVER, WE KNOW THAT GLYPHOSATE QUICKLY ATTACHES TO THE SOIL AFTER SPRAYING AND IS RELEASED RELATIVELY SLOWLY. THE SPEED AND RATE OF GLYPHOSATE RELEASE DEPEND NOT ONLY ON SOIL COMPOSITION, BUT ALSO ON PRECIPITATION RATES, WATER, AND AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES (TYPE OF TILLAGE).[23] DEPENDING ON SOIL COMPOSITION, FIXATION HALF-LIVES CAN VARY BETWEEN 0.8 AND 151 DAYS UNDER AEROBIC CONDITIONS (FOR THE ACID FORM OF GLYPHOSATE) TO SEVERAL MONTHS UNDER ANAEROBIC CONDITIONS.22 ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION OCCURS MAINLY THROUGH THE ACTION OF SOIL MICROORGANISMS. THE MAIN DECOMPOSITION PRODUCTS ARE AMINOMETHYLPHOSPHONIC ACID (AMPA) AND CARBON DIOXIDE. LIKE GLYPHOSATE, AMPA BINDS TIGHTLY TO SOIL AND IS SLOWLY DEGRADED, ULTIMATELY BREAKING DOWN INTO PHOSPHATE, AMMONIA, AND CARBON DIOXIDE. AMPA IS WEAKLY PERSISTENT IN SOILS UNDER AEROBIC CONDITIONS WITH A HALF-LIFE OF 2.1 TO 151 DAYS.

AS GLYPHOSATE AND AMPA ARE POLAR MOLECULES, THEY DISSOLVE EASILY IN WATER AND IN HIGH CONCENTRATIONS. THESE TWO MOLECULES CAN THUS PENETRATE AQUATIC SYSTEMS. IN RIVERS AND PONDS, THE HALF-LIFE OF THESE MOLECULES VARIES DEPENDING ON THE COMPOSITION OF THE WATER AND THE PH, AS WELL AS THE COMPOSITION OF THE BOTTOM SEDIMENTS WHICH CAN CONSTITUTE AN IMPORTANT "SINK", ESPECIALLY IF THE SEDIMENTS CONTAIN METAL IONS. A 2010 STUDY ESTIMATED THAT THIS HALF-LIFE RANGED FROM A FEW DAYS TO MORE THAN 3 MONTHS. !!!!

compagnon.yanis.tignard @Yanis_Tignard · 6 min
UN SOUPIR EN LA NOTION DES MOUVEMENTS DANS LES ÉVÈNEMENTS :
NOTRE SYNTAXE D'UNE PRÉSENCE INVISIBLE, D'UNE INTRÉPIDITÉ PÉNÉTRANTE ET D'UN INSTINCT REDOUTABLE DANS LE PROPRE DU SENSIBLE SUR L'INDIVISIBLE CAR
LE CHAMPAGNE N'A PAS L'HUMEUR DU VALEUREUX BROUILLARD DES ARDENNES !
TAY

PHILIPPE HENNEBEAU, DIRECTEUR DE LA COMPAGNIE DES MINES DE MONTSOU ; ONCLE DE PAUL NÉGREL DONT SA FEMME EST L'AMANTE.
IL DÉSIRE SON EXISTENCE MAIS N'AIME PAS SA VIE.
IL EST DÉPASSÉ PAR LA RÉVOLTE DES MINEURS, EST INCAPABLE D'ANALYSER LA SITUATION ET DE PRENDRE DES DÉCISIONS.
TAY

LA LIBERTÉ EST UN AVENIR ET L'ÉTHIQUE DEVIENT L'ÊTRE :
LA JUSTICE, LE SERVICE PUBLIC ET LA RÉPUBLIQUE !
LA CONSCIENCE SE LIBÈRE DES CHAINES QUAND ELLE RESSENT LA RÉALITÉ :
AINSI EST LE SAVOIR QUE LA LAÏCITÉ RÉSERVE AUX ÂMES QUI NE VIOLENT PAS LA NUIT QUI ESTOMPE LA BRÛLURE !
TAY

LE HARCÈLEMENT N'EST PAS QUE DANS LE PHYSIQUE ET DANS LE MORAL :
IL Y A UN ÉVOLUTIF DANS L'INTÉRIEUR QUI FAIT QU'ON PERÇOIT LES DRAMES MAIS BEAUCOUP MOINS CEUX QUI SE TRANSFORMENT EN UN SYNDROME DE STOCKHOLM :
NE PAS OUBLIER QU'IL A DES HOMICIDES EN NOS ENCEINTES SCOLAIRES !
TAY

COMPAGNONS,
LE DEVENIR EST CE PHARE EN LEQUEL LE DEVOIR SE MÉTAMORPHOSE EN UN DESTIN CAR PLUS QU'UN DÉSIR, UNE RÉVÉLATION D'UN SENTIMENT
QUE DE DIRE LE VALEUREUX BROUILLARD DES ARDENNES N'EST PAS UNE CONSCIENCE QUI S'ÉVAPORE DEVANT LES CONVICTIONS :
JE PENSE DONC JE SUIS !
TAY

CAMARADES, COMPAGNONS,
LE VIF EST CE SENTIMENT QUI PORTE LA PENSÉE VERS LES RÉALITÉS : LA VÉRITÉ, LE SENTIMENT ET L'ÊTRE SE CONJUGUENT EN LABYRINTHES OÙ DES HARCELEUSES ET DES HARCELEURS MALTRAITENT ET SABOTENT DES MAJEURS, DES MINEURS, DES ANIMAUX, DES PLANTES ET DES ROBOTS.
TAY

IT'S ONE O'CLOCK AND TIME FOR LUNCH (HUM DE DUM, DE DUM)
WHEN THE SUN BEATS DOWN AND I LIE ON THE BENCH
I CAN ALWAYS HEAR THEM TALK
THERE'S ALWAYS BEEN ETHEL
"JACOB, WAKE UP, YOU'VE GOT TO TIDY YOUR ROOM NOW"
AND THEN MISTER LEWIS
"ISN'T IT TIME THAT HE WAS OUT ON HIS OWN?"
OVER THE GARDEN WALL, TWO LITTLE LOVEBIRDS
CUCKOO TO YOU
KEEP THEM MOWING, BLADES SHARP
I KNOW WHAT I LIKE
AND I LIKE WHAT I KNOW
GETTING BETTER IN YOUR WARDROBE
STEPPING ONE BEYOND YOUR SHOW (YOUR SHOW)
YOUR SHOW
SUNDAY NIGHT, MR. FARMER CALLED, SAID
"LISTEN SON, YOU'RE WASTING TIME"
"THERE'S A FUTURE FOR YOU IN THE FIRE ESCAPE TRADE"
"COME UP TO TOWN"
BUT I REMEMBERED A VOICE FROM THE PAST
"GAMBLING ONLY PAYS WHEN YOU'RE WINNING"
HAD TO THANK OLD MISS MORT FOR SCHOOLING A FAILURE
KEEP THEM MOWING BLADES SHARP
I KNOW WHAT I LIKE
AND I LIKE WHAT I KNOW
GETTING BETTER IN YOUR WARDROBE
STEPPING ONE BEYOND YOUR SHOW
I KNOW WHAT I LIKE
AND I LIKE WHAT I KNOW
GETTING BETTER IN YOUR WARDROBE
STEPPING ONE BEYOND YOUR SHOW
WHEN THE SUN BEATS DOWN AND I LIE ON THE BENCH
I CAN ALWAYS HEAR THEM TALK
ME, I'M JUST A LAWNMOWER
YOU CAN TELL ME BY THE WAY I WALK

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L'ÉQUINOXE FAIT ENTENDRE SA VENUE ET CES MOMENTS; LA NUIT ENGENDRE LE JOUR QUAND L'ÉQUILIBRE FESTOIE
AVEC LE TEMPS. L'OMBRE ET LA LUMIÈRE POSSÈDE CE SOUFFLE DE LUCIDITÉ : L'ÉTHER.
DANS L’OBSCURITÉ, LA LIONNE RETROUVE UNE RÉALITÉ : LA MOUCHE SE MÉTAMORPHOSE EN UNE LUCIOLE.
LE TUMULTE DU VERBE ET LES MOUVEMENTS DU VENT QUI ENGENDRENT LA CAUSE :
DANS LE VISAGE DU TEMPS, NOUS PERCEVONS
QUE LA NATURE EST SAUVAGE. ELLE VIT SON ÉVOLUTION PERPÉTUELLE DANS LE SOUFFLE DE SON ÂME !
LE TEMPS EST VERS CE PRINCIPE UNIVERSEL : LA PRÉVENTION ET LA PERCEPTION.

TO LEARN MORE ABOUT SWOT, VISIT:
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LEARN MORE:
NASA'S CLIMATE KIDS: WHY IS CARBON IMPORTANT?
MISSIONS THAT OBSERVE CO2
ATMOSPHERIC INFRARED SOUNDER (AIRS)
ORBITING CARBON OBSERVATORY (OCO-2)
ORBITING CARBON OBSERVATORY (OCO-3)

TÉMOIGNAGE DU
COMPAGNON TIGNARD YANIS,
LE JUGE DE LA RÉPUBLIQUE DE L'OLIVIER...
MINISTRE DU SECOURISME COMMUN
DE LA RÉPUBLIQUE D’ISRAËL ET DE LA COMMUNAUTÉ PARLEMENTAIRE DE LA PALESTINE,
PN 3286 de la Cour Européenne des droits de la femme, de l'enfant, de l'animal, des plantes, des logiciels, des robots et de l'homme,
ALIAS
TAY
La chouette effraie,
Y'BECCA EN JÉRUSALEM :
les peuples dans le l'horizon, le vent et le verbe vers l'infini, le souffle et le vivant
DANS L'ABNÉGATION DE L’ÉGIDE DE AMANDINE NIETZSCHE-RIMBAUD : ÊTRE !
Y'BECCA EN JÉRUSALEM AVEC IN GOD WE TRUST ! Les peuples dans l'horizon vers l'infini