LES ÉTUDES SUR L’ÉVOLUTION MARTIENNE ET LA SOLOGNE
MÉTAPHORE DE L'ESPRIT EN LA CONSCIENCE, Y'BECCA ET L’ÉTERNEL
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TIGNARD YANIS @TIGNARDYANIS
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New CRISM findings show gullies on modern #Mars likely not formed by flowing water http://crism.jhuapl.edu/newscenter/articles/20160729.php …
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CITOYEN TIGNARD YANIS
http://leclandesmouettes.bbflash.net/t406-metaphore-de-l-esprit-en-la-conscience-y-becca-et-leternel#6319 …
New findings using data from NASA’s Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO)
show that gullies on modern Mars are most likely not being formed
by flowing liquid water. This new evidence will allow researchers
to further narrow theories as to the mechanisms behind the formation
of gullies on Mars, and help reveal more details about Mars’ recent geologic processes.
Scientists have used the term "gully" for features on Mars that share
three characteristics in their shape: an alcove at the top, a channel,
and an apron of deposited material at the bottom. Gullies are distinct
from another type of feature on Martian slopes, streaks called
"recurring slope lineae" or RSL, which are distinguished by seasonal
darkening and fading, rather than characteristics of how the ground
is shaped. Water in the form of hydrated salt has been identified
at RSL sites. The new study focuses on gullies and their formation
process by adding composition information to previously
acquired imaging.
Researchers from the Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics
Laboratory (APL) in Laurel, Maryland examined high-resolution
compositional data from more than 100 gully sites throughout Mars.
These data, collected by the Compact Reconnaissance Imaging
Spectrometer for Mars (CRISM) on board MRO, were then correlated
with images from the spacecraft’s High Resolution Imaging Science
Experiment (HiRISE), as well as from the MRO Context Camera (CTX).
The findings showed no mineralogical evidence for abundant liquid water
or its by-products, thus pointing to mechanisms – such as the freeze
and thaw of carbon dioxide frost – other than the flow of water as being
the major driver of recent gully evolution.
The findings were published in Geophysical Research Letters.
Gullies are a widespread and common feature on the Martian surface,
mostly occurring between 30 and 50 degrees latitude in both the northern
and southern hemispheres, generally on slopes that face toward the poles.
On Earth, similar gullies are formed by flowing liquid water; however,
under current conditions, liquid water is transient on the surface of Mars,
and may occur only as small amounts of brine even at RSL streaks.
The lack of sufficient water to carve gullies has resulted in a variety
of theories for the gullies' creation, including different mechanisms
involving evaporation of water and carbon dioxide frost.
"The HiRISE team and others had shown there was seasonal activity
in gullies – primarily in the southern hemisphere – over the past couple
of years, and carbon dioxide frost is the main mechanism they suspected
of causing it. However, other researchers favored liquid water as
the main mechanism," said Jorge Núñez of APL, the lead author
of the paper. "What HiRISE and other imagers were not able to determine
on their own was the composition of the material in gullies, because
they are optical cameras. To bring another important piece in to help
solve the puzzle, we used CRISM, an imaging spectrometer, to look at
what kinds of minerals were present in the gullies and see if they could
shed light on the main mechanism responsible."
Núñez and the other authors took advantage of a new CRISM data product
developed by the CRISM team called Map-projected Targeted Reduced Data
Records (MTRDR), which allowed them to more easily perform their analyses
and then correlate the findings with HiRISE imagery.
"On Earth and on Mars, we know that the presence of phyllosilicates – clays –
or other hydrated minerals indicates formation in liquid water," Núñez said.
"In our study, we found no evidence for clays or other hydrated minerals
in most of the gullies we studied, and when we did see them,
they were erosional debris from ancient rocks, exposed
and transported downslope, rather than altered in more recent flowing water.
These gullies are carving into the terrain and exposing clays that likely
formed billions of years ago when liquid water was more stable on the Martian surface."
The lack of hydrated minerals such as clays, carbonates, sulfates,
or salts in the gully channels and aprons strongly suggests
that another mechanism besides liquid water is responsible
for the formation of Martian gullies. Other researchers have created
computer models that show how sublimation of seasonal carbon dioxide
frost can create gullies similar to those observed by MRO, and how their
shape can mimic the types of gullies that liquid water would create.
Núñez said that this new research suggests those models may be correct.
"Our findings don’t rule out the possibility that liquid water may contribute
to the formation to some gully systems, since liquid water may be responsible
for RSL, which are completely distinct from gullies. But we did not find
any mineralogical evidence of deposition
or alteration where liquid water was the primary mechanism,
" Núñez said. "What we’ve found helps us get a better picture
of how these interesting features on the surface of Mars can form
and change, and that in turn gives us better insights into
the recent geologic history of the planet."
APL built and operates CRISM, one of six instruments
on MRO. JPL, a division of the California Institute of Technology
in Pasadena, manages the MRO project and the Mars Exploration
Program for the NASA Science Mission Directorate in Washington.
For more about CRISM, see http://crism.jhuapl.edu.
For more about the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter, visit http://www.nasa.gov/mro.
Media Contacts:
Geoffrey Brown
Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, Md.
(240) 228-5618
geoffrey.brown@jhuapl.edu
Guy Webster
Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, Calif.
(818) 354-6278
guy.webster@jpl.nasa.gov
The Applied Physics Laboratory, a not-for-profit division
of The Johns Hopkins University, meets critical national challenges through
the innovative application of science and technology. For more information,
visit www.jhuapl.edu.
RAPPORT ET ANALYSE DU
CITOYEN TIGNARD YANIS