Théories de la relation d'objet, le soi et Arthur Rimbaud.

Théories de la relation d'objet...
https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%A9ories_de_la_relation_d%27objet

Tristesse...
https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tristesse


TIGNARD YANIS @Yanis_Tignard
13 min l y a 13 minutes
investigation... Recherche suivie sur quelque objet. investigation informatique : féminin. Informations ou documents électroniques recherchés, identifiés et rassemblés pour la production d’éléments de preuve. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ccs2rt0oSzQ … Douleur émotionnelle.
TAY

La tristesse fait partie de l'enfance. Connaitre une telle émotion permet plus facilement d'exprimer des problèmes d'ordre émotionnel aux membres de la famille : mais, chez certaines familles, la tristesse n'est « pas admise » ou (consciemment ou inconsciemment) refoulée.
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La tristesse est l'une des « sept émotions de base » décrites par Paul Ekman, parmi elles la joie, la colère, la surprise, la peur, le mépris et le dégoût. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cddQn1mZRfI …
Ce monde est d'essence tout autant interne qu'externe. L'objet est toujours objet de la pulsion.
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Karl Abraham dit l'expression de relation d'objet, ou d'autres expressions très proches, mais sans formuler une théorie particulière. Il s'agit simplement pour lui de décrire l'évolution de la sexualité infantile, et des stades qui lui sont liés : Jérusalem est mon foyer.
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L'enfant ne conçoit pas sa mère comme objet total et il la clive en fragments. Melanie Klein décrit un processus particulier au psychisme primitif ou position schizo-paranoïde et construit ses modes relationnels propres à lui : ce clivage de l'objet n'existait pas chez Freud.
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TIGNARD YANIS @Yanis_Tignard
5 min il y a 5 minutes
Meeting of Commission for Veteran Affairs.
http://en.kremlin.ru/events/administration/59958 …
Why icing a sprain doesn’t help, and could slow recovery.
https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/wellness/why-icing-a-sprain-doesnt-help-and-could-make-the-injury-worse/2019/03/04/25a6caa0-3ae4-11e9-a2cd-307b06d0257b_story.html?noredirect=on&utm_term=.1c1ee4dc03f0&wpisrc=nl_lean&wpmm=1 …
First Lady Melania Trump’s Initiative.
https://www.whitehouse.gov/bebest/?utm_source=ods&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=1600d …
Tears For Fears.
Y'BECCA.
JÉRUSALEM.
TAY

Help shape ESA’s space science programme.
http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Space_Science/Help_shape_ESA_s_space_science_programme
Increasing data exploration through a single licence. http://britgeopeople.blogspot.com/2019/03/increasing-data-exploration-through.html?utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=Feed%3A+Geoblogy+%28GeoBlogy%29
Why Do Some Galactic Unions Lead to Doom ? https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=7344&utm_source=iContact&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=nasajpl&utm_content=spitzer20190227-1 …
Vénus Anadyomène de Arthur Rimbaud. https://www.poesie-francaise.fr/arthur-rimbaud/poeme-venus-anadyomene.php
TAY

MOSAÏQUE DU
CITOYEN TIGNARD YANIS

4 March 2019

How did our Milky Way galaxy form? How do black holes grow? What is the origin of our Solar System? Are there other worlds capable of hosting life? These are some of the questions our current science missions are designed to address. But what do you think are the most important questions that our future missions should tackle? Now is your chance to tell us.

Günther Hasinger, ESA Director of Science, is inviting the public to share their views on the questions that Voyage 2050, ESA’s space science programme for the 2035–2050 time frame, should address. This public consultation opens today and will run until the end of June.

This is the first time that ESA invites the public to be involved in this process.

“Our missions are funded by the Member States, and that means their citizens,” says Director Hasinger. “We wish to encourage a sense of ownership and involvement in the space science programme with our public, and so we want to hear everyone’s views and choose our next set of missions in an open and transparent way.”

The survey requires no expert knowledge about space science topics, and has been specially prepared to guide participants through a sequence of questions.

Every decade or so, ESA consults with Europe’s science community to plan the future of its science programme. The current plan, Cosmic Vision 2015-2025, which covers a series of missions that will be launched and operated between now and the early 2030s, arose from a consultation with Europe’s scientists that began in 2005. The Cosmic Vision missions will investigate profound questions about the nature and origin of our Solar System and the Universe as a whole.
Interview with Director Hasinger
Access the video

Ground-breaking space science missions can take up to twenty years from concept through development and launch to producing science results. The pioneering Rosetta mission, which was launched in 2004 to rendezvous with Comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko and drop a lander on its surface in 2014, has its roots in the Horizon 2000 programme, an even earlier plan that was initiated in the 1980s.

Although it may seem far in the future, it is already time to start planning beyond the current horizon, for the decades up to 2050.

This forward-looking perspective is crucial for Europe, as it provides the confidence and common goals for the sustained collaborative efforts of scientists, engineers, industry and funding agencies over many decades. Long-term strategic planning also ensures the continued development of innovative technology while at the same time advancing Europe's research expertise across wide-ranging scientific fields.

“This consultation represents an exciting opportunity for European space science,” says Director Hasinger.

“We will be looking at what we can accomplish in the future, and that means we particularly encourage young people to share their views. After all, they are the ones who will work on and benefit from these missions.”

More information
To take part in this public consultation, go to: sci.esa.int/discovering-our-universe/survey
Everyone over 16 years of age worldwide is invited to participate. There are no nationality restrictions.

As a thank you for taking part in the survey, participants can opt to be included in a monthly draw for a gift voucher throughout the duration of the public consultation.

More details about this public consultation: sci.esa.int/discovering-our-universe
A parallel consultation with Europe’s scientific community to prepare for Voyage 2050 is currently underway.

For further information, please contact:
Luigi Colangeli
Head of the Science Coordination Office
Directorate of Science
European Space Agency
Email: luigi.colangeli@esa.int

Fabio Favata
Head of the Strategy, Planning and Coordination Office
Directorate of Science
European Space Agency
Email: fabio.favata@esa.int

Markus Bauer
ESA Science Programme Communication Officer
Tel: +31 71 565 6799
Mob: +31 61 594 3 954
Email: markus.bauer@esa.int

et,


By Andrew P. Han
March 5

If you’ve ever needed to recover from an athletic injury, you’ve probably used ice to reduce soreness and swelling. For decades, doctors and athletic trainers have recommended RICE — rest, ice, compression and elevation — to reduce the pain and inflammation of sprained ankles. Inflammation has been viewed as the enemy of recovery.

But what if that’s not quite right? What if inflammation is an indication of recovery, and icing and other cold-based “cryotherapy” only delays it?

Icing, it turns out, is like flossing: an ingrained practice that seems practical but is not strongly supported by clinical evidence. The oldest justifications for icing, dating to the 1970s, have melted under scientific scrutiny, some cryotherapy researchers say, and most scientific studies on icing haven’t provided the solid results that would justify its popularity. This is true, they say, both for icing for daily recovery and for an injury.

[The fat-burning heart-rate zone is a myth: How exercise and weight loss really work]

For example, a 2008 meta-analysis published in the Journal of Emergency Medicine, which looked at multiple studies on cold therapy’s effect on acute soft tissue injuries, concluded there is “insufficient evidence to suggest that cryotherapy improves clinical outcome in the management of soft tissue injuries.” Similarly, a 2012 paper published in the Journal of Athletic Training, which reviewed multiple, peer-reviewed studies, noted that the practice of using ice to treat sprained ankles “is based largely on anecdotal evidence” and that “evidence from [randomized controlled trials] to support the use of ice in the treatment of acute ankle sprains is limited.”

Moreover, according to these papers and cryotherapy experts, the studies that have shown positive results from icing often have been plagued by shortcomings such as small sample sizes, irrelevant measurements and statistically insignificant results.

Even the doctor who coined RICE no longer promotes it. “It’s perfectly fine to ice if you want, but realize it’s delaying healing,” Gabe Mirkin said, “[Icing] is not going to change anything in the long term.”

Instead of icing to reduce inflammation, athletes might be better off letting it run its course. Better yet, get moving again, Mirkin said: “Don’t increase your pain, but you want to move as soon as you can.”

Athlete and journalist Christie Aschwanden feels a bit vindicated by the research. Despite her experience as a champion cyclist and professional cross-country skier, the use of ice, whether to recover from a hard workout or a rolled ankle, has never appealed to her.

“I used to have a teammate who was really, really devoted to ice baths,” Aschwanden said. “She would fill our hotel bathtub with ice and then go sit in it. I tried it a couple times, but it was really painful. The discomfort and unpleasantness of it canceled out whatever benefits there were.” Now, she said, after researching the issue, “I know there probably weren’t any benefits.”

Today, Aschwanden is a Colorado-based science writer for the data-driven website FiveThirtyEight and the author of “Good to Go,” a new book on the science of recovery in sports. In one chapter, she examined ice packs, baths and massages and concluded that these cryotherapies are “not an evidence-based practice, in the sense that they’ve been shown to be helpful,” she said.

The experts she cites in her book believe the justifications given for using ice — to reduce swelling and inflammation — aren’t just lacking in evidence but could be counterproductive. “There’s this idea out there that inflammation is terrible, and you want to reduce it,” Aschwanden said. “But the inflammatory process is how your body recovers from exercise, and rebuilds and recuperates.”

Immediately after tissue damage, cells send out a chemical distress signal that is answered by several types of white blood cells, which arrive on the scene and trigger inflammation as they go about their work attacking pathogens and cleaning up and repairing the damaged cells.

“If done for too long,” icing could have a negative effect on regeneration, said UCLA professor James Tidball, who researches the immune system’s role in muscle injury. In other words, by using ice to try to lessen inflammation, which is the immune system response to injury, you could also be reducing the activity of the cells that are promoting repair.

This isn’t to say cryotherapy has no physiological effect. Icing to numb something definitely works, and “icing is the safest pain medicine we have,” Mirkin said. Ice may also help people get a damaged area moving again. “If you have an injury, the muscles around it switch off,” limiting mobility, said Chris Bleakley, a professor of physical therapy at High Point University in North Carolina who has studied icing. “Ice helps to switch those muscles back on again.”

Some experts and research organizations who acknowledge the lack of high-quality data in support of ice nevertheless maintain that it’s an important tool for athletes. The National Athletic Trainers’ Association and the National Institutes of Health both recommend icing for sports injuries. And some point out that the lack of evidence cuts both ways. “We don’t have a lot of evidence that ice doesn’t work,” said Mark Merrick, director of athletic training at Ohio State University. “We don’t have a lot of good evidence at all. We have an incomplete view that limits how well we can draw conclusions.”

Though she’s in favor of evidence-based practices, Aschwanden won’t be stealing people’s ice packs or dragging them out of ice baths. And though a particular recovery method might not be clinically proven, a person’s strongly held belief in it can enhance the placebo effect, she said, which actually does help in recovery.

In the book, Aschwanden describes an encounter with a friend (an icer) who inquired about its effectiveness. “What would you say if I told you it didn’t help?” Aschwanden replied.

“I wouldn’t believe you,” the friend said.

“She wasn’t dismissing me, like I’m not credible source on this,” Aschwanden said. “She was just like, ‘I know it works for me.’ I think for a lot of this stuff, it really comes down to that. People have their personal experiences and those can be very convincing.”

Andrew P. Han is a science journalist based in Brooklyn. Find him @hanandrewp.

More from Lifestyle:

Could nasal breathing improve athletic performance?

Who decided we should all take 10,000 steps a day, anyway?

Calories and macros and BMI don’t count. Here are the numbers that really matter.

Simple Minds - Don't You (Forget About Me)...
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CdqoNKCCt7A

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Cluster helps solve mysteries of geomagnetic storms

04 March 2019
In a powerful example of combining multi-mission satellite data with computer simulations, scientists have used ESA's Cluster mission to reveal details about how electrons interact with waves in Earth's magnetic environment. This research helps explain the behaviour of particles during geomagnetic storms and has significant implications for our understanding of space weather, which is in turn necessary to help protect space technology from the potentially harmful effects of energetic particles generated during such storms.

Cluster and the Van Allen Probes in Earth's magnetosphere. Credit: ESA/NASA/SOHO/LASCO/EIT

The Sun constantly bombards Earth with a flow of charged particles known as the solar wind. Powerful shocks arising in this flow can cause disturbances in Earth's magnetosphere – the protective bubble created by our planet's magnetic field – which are known as geomagnetic storms.

These storms transfer a large amount of energy to the magnetosphere, eventually causing electrons to accelerate along magnetic field lines, which are continuous curves indicating the magnetic field direction, extending between the poles of our planet. When these electrons enter the ionosphere – the upper layer of Earth's atmosphere – the resulting interaction causes atoms like nitrogen and oxygen to release light, leading to the beautiful displays known as the aurora. The most energetic electrons can also cause serious damage to satellites and other electronic infrastructure.

For a long time, the detailed mechanisms behind the movement of electrons between the magnetosphere and the ionosphere remained a mystery. But recently a team of scientists discovered that certain types of oscillations in Earth's magnetic field can explain some intriguing observations of how electrons behave along magnetic field lines.

As the solar wind varies in speed and intensity, bursts of plasma can be fired from the magnetotail, in the opposite direction to the Sun, towards Earth, through a process known as magnetic reconnection. When these fast plasma streams reach Earth, they impact high-pressure plasma on the magnetic field lines. This causes the magnetic field lines to vibrate, giving rise to standing waves – also known as Alfvén waves – oscillating perpendicular to the dipolar magnetic field lines.

Akin to waves on a guitar string, these oscillations occur on a range of scales, including small-scale waves comparable to the orbits of particles moving along the field lines. In this case, these waves are called Kinetic-Scale Field Line Resonances (KFLRs) and, while always present in the magnetosphere, they are enhanced when magnetic storms on the Sun send highly energetic solar wind flows towards Earth, triggering a geomagnetic storm.
Electrons trapped in kinetic scale field line resonance. Credit: ESA

Studying observations of Earth's magnetic field taken on different occasions by ESA's Cluster mission and NASA's Van Allen Probes, a team of scientists noticed that, in both sets of data, the distribution of electrons within these waves was stretched following the direction of magnetic field lines from the North Pole to the South Pole.

However, the detailed structure of the distributions was different in the two sets of observations, which were taken at significantly different points along the magnetic field. The Van Allen Probes observations were performed in June 2013 during a geomagnetic storm; the Cluster observations, dating back to February 2001, were obtained in storm-like circumstances, under enhanced auroral conditions.

To investigate the nature of the electron distributions and the differences in the details seen by the two missions, the scientists brought in a computer simulation.

"I had created the computer model to study the interaction of electrons within magnetospheric Alfvén waves, and these observations provided us with the first opportunity to look specifically at kinetic-scale field line resonances in the inner magnetosphere," explains project lead Peter Damiano from the University of Alaska Fairbanks, USA.

"We were surprised to find that the simulations reproduced the characteristics of the observations from both missions very well. And when we compared the observations and the simulations, it became clear that the stretching of the electron distribution in the direction of Earth's magnetic field was caused, in both cases, by the trapping of electrons within the KFLRs."
Cluster measurement of electron distribution function. Credit: ESA/Cluster; P. Damiano et al. (2018)

Since the KFLRs evolve over time, so does the trapped electron population, and this explains the difference between the observations by the two missions. The Cluster data demonstrated more clearly how the distribution changes over time, because observations were made every four seconds – similar to the oscillation period of the waves. The Van Allen Probes data, on the other hand, were taken every eleven seconds, so the distribution of electrons was smoothed out and it was more difficult to see how it changed over time. As the spacecraft took measurements while in different locations, the study also revealed that electrons could be trapped at different points along the magnetic field lines because of the global extent of the waves. This illustrates how the simulations help scientists connect and understand seemingly remote observations.

Being closer to the ionosphere, the Cluster observations of electron distribution functions also illustrated the significant loss of electrons from the magnetosphere to ionosphere – which can contribute to the generation of auroral emissions at high altitudes. The simulations showed that this loss might be due to the interaction of KFLRs with non-trapped electrons.
High-altitude red aurora observed from the International Space Station. Credit: ESA/NASA

Although scientists have a good idea of how the magnetosphere works overall, many specific details are still unclear, and this study is one step towards furthering our understanding.

"Our ultimate goal is to understand magnetospheric processes well enough to forecast how particles behave around Earth, including predicting the locations of the most dangerous geomagnetic storms," explains Philippe Escoubet, Cluster mission scientist.

"This would help us to forecast the impact of the energetic particle environment around Earth on all sorts of technological infrastructure."

During geomagnetic storms, KFLRs are enhanced, modifying the distributions of particles in the Van Allen radiation belts – two doughnut-shaped regions of highly energetic charged particles surrounding Earth. These changes to the plasma can impact other electromagnetic waves that are linked to the acceleration of very high-energy electrons, and consequently the response of the magnetosphere during geomagnetic storms.

"Elucidating how electrons interact with KFLRs during such storms is vital for understanding and predicting space weather," continues Damiano.

Space weather refers to the variable solar conditions that can influence our planet's surroundings, with effects on the performance of human technology on ground and in space. As spacecraft electronics can be severely affected by highly-energetic charged particles, especially at times of strong geomagnetic activity, it is vital to recognise the impact of magnetospheric processes on satellite infrastructure, and science missions like Cluster and the Van Allen Probes are crucial to these efforts.
Artist's impression of the Cluster spacecraft. Credit: ESA/ATG medialab

"If we can accurately forecast when geomagnetic storms occur, we can take measures such as switching off spacecraft electronics to avoid short-circuiting, and flying aeroplanes around storms to prevent excess radiation exposure to crew and passengers," continues Escoubet.

"Space weather can also affect GPS signals and better understanding its impacts would help us generate more accurate location data."

Launched in 2000, Cluster has helped unearth a plethora of interesting details about the magnetosphere and its interaction with the solar wind. The mission's four spacecraft can access high latitudes above our planet, providing new and unprecedented measurements of the magnetosphere.

This result highlights how combining data from more than one mission allows us to study magnetospheric phenomena in a totally new way. It also demonstrates the richness of the Cluster and Van Allen Probe data archives and their combined potential to make new discoveries with far-reaching applications.
Notes for Editors

"Electron Distributions in Kinetic Scale Field Line Resonances: A Comparison of Simulations and Observations" by P.A. Damiano et al (2018) is published in Geophysical Research Letters. DOI: 10.1029/2018GL077748

Cluster is a constellation of four spacecraft flying in formation around Earth. It is the first space mission able to study, in three dimensions, the natural physical processes occurring within and in the near vicinity of the Earth's magnetosphere. Launched in 2000, it is composed of four identical spacecraft orbiting the Earth in a pyramidal configuration, along a nominal polar orbit of 4 × 19.6 Earth radii (1 Earth radius = 6380 km). Cluster's payload consists of state-of-the-art plasma instrumentation to measure electric and magnetic fields over wide frequency ranges, and key physical parameters characterising electrons and ions from energies of near 0 eV to a few MeV. The science operations are coordinated by the Joint Science Operations Centre (JSOC) at the Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, United Kingdom, and implemented by ESA's European Space Operations Centre (ESOC), in Darmstadt, Germany.

More information on the Cluster mission can be found here.

NASA's Van Allen Probes (formerly known as the Radiation Belt Storm Probes, RBSP) study two extreme and dynamic regions of space known as the Van Allen Radiation Belts that surround Earth. Named for their discoverer, James Van Allen, these two concentric, doughnut-shaped rings are filled with high-energy particles that gyrate, bounce, and drift through the region, sometimes shooting down to Earth's atmosphere, sometimes escaping out into space. The radiation belts swell and shrink over time as part of a much larger space weather system driven by energy and material that erupt off the sun's surface and fill the entire solar system.

More information on the Van Allen Probes can be found here.
For further information, please contact:

Peter A. Damiano
Geophysical Institute
University of Alaska Fairbanks
Fairbanks, AK, USA
Email: padamiano@alaska.edu

Philippe Escoubet
Cluster Project Scientist
European Space Agency
Email: Philippe.Escoubet@esa.int


Last Update: 04 March 2019

http://sci.esa.int/cluster/61172-cluster-helps-solve-mysteries-of-geomagnetic-storms/

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TIGNARD YANIS @Yanis_Tignard
15 min il y a 15 minutes
En réponse à @pm_gov_dz
En cristallographie, on regroupe dans le système réticulaire monoclinique les cristaux dont
le réseau a symétrie 2/m. La maille d'un cristal monoclinique est décrite en des vecteurs de longueurs inégales,
comme dans le système orthorhombique. Le sable peut devenir un diamant.
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The science circling above us on the Space Station.
http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Human_and_Robotic_Exploration/International_Space_Station/The_science_circling_above_us_on_the_Space_Station …
Meeting with UNESCO Director-General Audrey Azoulay.
http://en.kremlin.ru/events/president/news/59980 …
ICYMI: The Wall Street Journal: “Thank You, Tax Reform”.
https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefings-statements/icymi-wall-street-journal-thank-tax-reform/?utm_source=ods&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=wwr …
ÉTRANGE CONVERSATION SUR LE DEVENIR.
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étrange, adjectif... Qui est inhabituel, bizarre.
Synonymes : étonnant, inaccoutumé, inhabituel, insolite, saugrenu, bizarre, curieux.
Traduction anglais : strange. La barytine BaSO4.
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Plusieurs délégations de grévistes :
http://cgtchutoulouse.fr/2019/03/06/communique-de-presse-agressions-de-soignant-e-s-par-la-police-devant-lars-occitane-a-toulouse/ …
Prochaine mobilisation le 8 mars pour la journée internationale de lutte pour le droit des femmes,
l’accès aux soins, les conditions de travail des femmes étant mis à mal par l’austérité.
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Véritis Ciconia, la Cigogne verte ou la Lune.
http://leclandesmouettes.1fr1.net/t30-veritis-ciconia-la-cigogne-verte-ou-la-lune …
Dalida- Salma ya Salama. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hRW1Vd_I438 …
LE CORBEAU DE YAHVÉ ET LA COLOMBE DE NOÉ PAR Y'BECCA. TAY
https://la-5ieme-republique.actifforum.com/t630-le-corbeau-de-yahve-et-la-colombe-de-noe-par-y-becca-tay …
JUGE DE LA RÉPUBLIQUE DE L'OLIVIER, IPHIGÉNIE ET JÉRUSALEM. LA LIBERTÉ.
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TÉMOIGNAGE DU
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ET
ECRIT
DE
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La chouette effraie

_________________
Kounak le chat....

Kounaklechat @kounaklechat
4 s il y a 4 secondes
En réponse à @FloreMarechal
Une illusion est une perception reconnue comme différente de la réalité. Surtout, celles entre le physiologique et
le cognitif sont aujourd'hui indécises ; la psychologie s'intéresse à des systèmes très élémentaires et la physiologie
étend son aire aux systèmes complexes.
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Sigmund Freud, définit l'« illusion » comme une croyance qui structure la perception, sans égard à sa capacité de produire l'effet : 12.
Flore, L'illusion est au cœur de la conception de la peinture, tel que l'expose Alberti à propos du portrait : « rendre présent l'absent ».
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Trichromes.
Les illusions, lorsqu'elles sont partagées par un grand nombre de personnes qui ne présentent aucune pathologie,
fournissent aux chercheurs des questions intéressantes sur le système de la perception :
le modelé désigne un procédé d'imitation des volumes. Nuances.
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Minouska.KounakDenat @minouska_kounak
3 min il y a 3 minutes
Une silhouette d'un point de vue optique est une vue d'un objet ou d'une scène comprenant le contour et un intérieur
sans particularité. En art, une silhouette est un portrait dessiné, peint ou photographié.
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Silhouette est une île indépendante de l'archipel des Seychelles, dans l'océan Indien.
Elle a été découverte en 1609 par une expédition conduite par le Capitaine Alexander Sharpeigh :
Depuis 2010, l'île est classée parc national et constitue le parc national de Silhouette.
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TIGNARD YANIS @Yanis_Tignard
3 s il y a 3 secondes
Coleura seychellensis est une espèce de mammifères chiroptères (chauves-souris), insectivores,
de la famille des Emballonuridae, endémique de l'îles libre et état indépendant Silhouette de l'océan Indien :
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yZdKyx6QbU0 …
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kRZAk2rfESU …
Étienne de Silhouette.
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Écholocation
Les chiroptères (Chiroptera), appelés couramment chauves-souris, sont un ordre de la classe des Mammalia,
comptant plus d'un millier d'espèces, soit un cinquième des mammifères, donc le plus important
après celui des rongeurs (Rodentia).
TAY

Idée générale.
Les chauves-souris tout comme les chouettes ne sont pas aveugles et il semble qu'elles aient une vue bien adaptée
aux conditions nocturnes. Elles peuvent être éblouies ou perturbées par l'éclairage artificiel extérieur
(phénomène dit de pollution lumineuse).
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